A field engineer has measured the distance between column lines with a chain which is later discovered to be too short. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Math problems may be used to assess students knowledge regarding bearings. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles are measured directly on the field by chain or tape, and no angular measurements are taken. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. We will now move on with different numerical problems on the concept of errors in chain surveying.
Going through these numericals will actually give you an idea as to how the calculations are done inspite of errors occurring in the chain surveying correction due to incorrect length of chain. The first volume covers in 24 chapters, the most common surveying operations. Chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm galvanized mild steel wire. Compass surveying principles use of prismatic compass, measurement of bearings, conversion of bearings, local attraction, correction of compass traverse. Categories surveying tags arrows, arrows used in chain surveying, chain, chain survey, chain surveying, field work in chain survey, guide to chain surveying, guide to surveying and levelling, instruments used in chain survey, iron pegs, marking stations, ranging rods, reconnaissance survey, surveying in civil engineering, tape, wooden pegs in. In this method thelengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured byoffsets and ties from these lines. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles which should be well conditioned. Firstly, inspect the area to be surveyed and prepare key plan. In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid. After participating in this fieldwork students will become more comfortable with handling chain and ranging rods. Since triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with measurement of sides only, in chain surveying the area to be surveyed should be covered with a network of triangles. When a three point problem resorted to in plane table surveying.
This is suitable for the survey of small areas with simple details and an area that is fairly flat. Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and advantages chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm galvanized mild steel wire. Keeping the arrow in the same position, the leader pulls the chain for measuring the further distance. Sep 09, 2016 demonstration of chain surveying related to field work and office work. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. This problem of solving obstacles can best be explained. Jun, 2012 in chain surveying only linear measurements are made i.
Viewer has to keep in mind that this video only shows the basics of chain surveying observation in field, it also. Surveying this page intentionally left blank surveying dr a m chandra prof. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are predetermined either with a chain or a surveying tape. Surveying notes pdf book starts with the topics distance measurement conventions and methods, theodolite, description, uses, and adjustments. May 04, 2017 for the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Measurement of distance on ground with the help of chain is known as chaining. Dec 02, 2015 follower holds the zero end of the chain and the leader fixes up an arrow at the end of one chain length. In chain surveying, the positions of main stations and directions of main survey.
Field work in chain survey surveying in civil engineering. Because of its ease of use, it is used during reconnaissance survey as a quick method of surveying to get a rough idea in the location to be surveyed. Plane table survey principles, advantages and disadvantages, equipment, accessories and their uses. To erect, with a tape, a perpendicular to a chain line from a point on it. It measured one chain by one furlong totaling 10 square chains. Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results.
It is a method of surveying in which the area to be divided into a number of triangles. By extension, chainage running distance is the distance along a curved or straight survey line from a fixed commencing point, as given by an odometer. Chain surveying is suitable for small areas with few details. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. Compensating errors are said to be accidental errors hence cancel out and does not pose serious problem to the accuracy of the survey. Early twolane roads were laid out with a chain, resulting in a 66ft. Technical terms used in chain surveying survey stations these are important point fixed on ground indicating the starting point and the end point of the survey line. In this type of surveying, survey stations main stations, tie or subsidiary stations shall be specified carefully otherwise the outcome of the surveying process may not be accurate. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. This volume is one of the two which offer a comprehensive course in those parts of theory and practice of plane and geodetic surveying that are most commonly used by civil engineers.
Chandra book surveying problem solving with theory and objective type questions by dr. Let ab be the chain line and c a point on it at which it is. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing. Principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. Based on this, the principle of chain surveying is to divide the area to be surveyed into a network of connected triangles. This article throws light upon the six major problems in ranging and chaining of a line. This document is highly rated by agricultural engineering students and has been viewed 10201 times. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. Going through these numericals will actually give you an idea as to how the calculations are done inspite of errors occurring in the chain surveying.
Surveying multiple choice questions and answers pdf free download for freshers civil engineering students. Camp instructor civil engineering, purdue land surveying problems confronting the land surveyor might well be placed in two general classifications. The rectangle is the simplest fig that can be plotted from the lengths of its sided. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Pdf surveying problem solving saied albayya academia. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and. What are the obstacles in chain survey and methods to. The duties of the follower chain man at the rear end of the chain are. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of offsets are g, i, j, h respectively. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles which should be well conditioned. Surveying lab ii manual department of civil engineering b. Then, mark stations using suitable means such as fixing ranging poles, driving pegs, and digging and fixing a stone. The chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller.
The three main obstacles in chaining of a line are of the following types. To survey an open field by chain survey in order to calculate the area of the open field. They arise as a result of not being perfect in the use of the equipment or in the whole survey process. Apr 02, 2020 principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling agricultural engineering notes edurev is made by best teachers of agricultural engineering. Although they are constructed for rugged field conditions, the mechanical components and electronics of precision instruments can be damaged by careless acts or inattention to the procedures for use, care and adjustment of the instruments.
Instruments used in chain survey chain, 20m or 30m long tape arrows ranging rods wooden or iron pegs plumb bob cross staff chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. Problems in ranging and chaining of a line chain surveying surveying. Pdf ce6304 surveying i books, lecture notes, 2marks with. Hence chain surveying is some times called chain triangulation. Instruments used in chain surveying iamcivilengineer.
The chain is a unit of length equal to 66 feet 22 yards. When the rear end of chain comes to the arrow fixed to the leader, the follower holds the rear end of handle at that point. Heights and distance using principles of tacheometric surveying two exercises 5. Construction surveying and layout, 3rd edition chapter chain corrections questions and problems 1. Feb 11, 2017 the chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller. It is the exercise of physically measuring horizontal distances. Here you can download the free lecture notes of surveying pdf notes, materials with multiple file links to download. The whole area is then plotted on a drawing sheet to a suitable scale to prepare a map.
Duties of the follower and leader during chain surveying. Tools and equipments required include chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and, sometimes, a cross staff. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by english clergyman and mathematician edmund gunter 15811626. The length of the traverse legs are measured by chaintape or by stadia method. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. As you are about to execute chain surveying so chain is the requisite tool that is a must. Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field.
Pdf surveying problem solving with theory and objective. What are the obstacles in chain survey and methods to correct it. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. This is most suitably adapted to small plane areas with very few details. Download surveying problem solving with theory and objective type questions by dr. Chain and compass traverse may be run for ordinary surveys. To survey an area by chain survey across obstacles and to calculate the obstructed lengths by using different methods. Enrol today in our site and get access to our study package comprising of video lectures, study material, practice questions and. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil.
Surveying traverse surveying traverse distance traverse methods of computing area a simple method that is useful for rough area estimates is a graphical method in this method, the traverse is plotted to scale on graph paper, and the number of squares inside the traverse are counted a d c b distance traverse methods of computing area a c. It is necessary that the chain should be laid out on the ground in a straight line between the end stations. Every aspect of the life requires some measuring units. Surveying traverse group example problem 1 surveying traverse balancing the latitudes and departures of a traverse attempts to obtain more probable values for the locations of the corners of the traverse a popular method for balancing errors is called the compass or the bowditch rule. A chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. In order to determine the actual distance between points, how should the correction be applied. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the. The chain surveying is the most commonly used surveying for quick and short measurements. Numerical examples for chain surveying errors in surveying civil. There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile.
For example, if the pull exerted on the tape in either more than or less than what should be the case, faulty results be gotten. In measuring the length of survey line also called as chain line. Surveying instruments are designed and constructed to provide years of reliable use. Chain surveying and linear measurements surveying youtube. Problem 2 the base line ac of a chain survey is measured and the following. Demonstration of chain surveying related to field work and office work.
Proper care in the use, storage, transportation and adjustment of the equipment is a major factor in the successful completion of a survey. Chain survey is the simplest and commonest method used in surveying exercises. Trigonometric leveling heights and distance problem two exercises 4. In this method, the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines. It sometimes happens that a survey line passes through some object such as a pond, a building, a river, a hedge etc. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and. Invented by the english mathematician edmund gunter in the early 17th century, gunters chain is exactly 22 yards about 20 m long and divided into 100 links.
Surveyors chain, also called gunters chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in englishspeaking countries. These links are joined by 3 circular or oval wire rings. Numerical examples for chain surveying errors in surveying. The length of a survey line was measured with a 20 m chain and was found to be equal. Each topic introduced is thoroughly described, the theory is rigorously developed, and a large number of numerical.
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